Advanced Techniques in Wastewater Treatment: A Comprehensive Review

The growing global need for uncontaminated water in the face of escalating pollution levels has emphasized the urgent requirement for efficient wastewater treatment. This comprehensive review explores advanced techniques in wastewater treatment, addressing the necessity for effective wastewater management due to increasing water scarcity and pollution from various sources such as households, industries, and agriculture. Despite their widespread use, conventional wastewater treatment methods frequently fail to adequately address complex and emergent contaminants. This review covers innovative approaches such as membrane filtration processes, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), electrochemical treatments, and adsorption using novel materials such as carbon nanotubes. These advanced techniques demonstrate superior capabilities in removing complex contaminants including metals, organic and inorganic chemicals, and pathogens. It also highlights the environmental benefits and potential for resource recovery and conservation offered by these advanced methods. Furthermore it underscores the potential of these advanced techniques to improve treatment efficiency, reduce operational costs, and achieve higher water quality standards, thereby contributing to sustainable water management practices.